Radiation curable compositions for food packaging

ABSTRACT

A radiation curable inkjet ink set containing a plurality of inkjet inks having a viscosity of no more than 50 mPa·s at 25° C. and a shear rate of 90 s-1, each of the inkjet inks including a) at least one non-polymerizable, non-polymeric bisacylphosphine oxide present in a concentration of no more than 4.0 wt % based on the total weight of the inkjet ink; b) at least one monomer including at least one vinyl ether group and at least one polymerizable group selected from the group consisting of an acrylate group and a methacrylate group; and c) at least one polymerizable or polymeric thioxanthone, with the proviso that if the at least one polymerizable or polymeric thioxanthone contains no tertiary amine group, then the inkjet ink further includes at least one tertiary amine co-initiator selected from the group consisting of ethylhexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate and a polymerizable co-initiator containing a tertiary amine.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a 371 National Stage Application ofPCT/EP2014/069679, filed Sep. 16, 2014. This application claims thebenefit of European Application No. 13184521.6, filed Sep. 16, 2013,which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a radiation curable composition forpackaging printing, more specifically for high speed digital foodpackaging printing.

2. Description of the Related Art

Printing systems, such as offset and flexography, are being increasinglyreplaced for packaging applications by industrial inkjet printingsystems due to their flexibility in use, e.g. variable data printingallowing last minute advertising changes on the packaging, and due totheir enhanced reliability, allowing their incorporation into productionlines. Radiation curable inkjet inks are particularly preferred becausehigh quality images can be printed on non-absorbing ink-receivers, suchas plastic packaging materials.

High reliability of inkjet printing on food packaging is not onlyrequired for reasons of productivity in an industrial environment, butalso for reasons of food safety. The European Printing Ink Association(EuPIA) provides GMP guidelines for food packaging printing inks. InEurope most of the attention today is going to the Swiss legislation(“Ordinance on Materials and Articles in Contact with Food”, SR817.023.21), promulgating a positive list of compounds. The US Food andDrug Administration (FDA) adheres to the no-migration principle and,therefore, does not impose specific guidelines on inks, except fordirect food contact. A key figure in the allowable level of migrationand/or set-off for ink compounds is 10 μg/6 dm² (6 dm² is the typicalsurface area of packaging material for 1 kg of food) per ink compound.This ratio of 10 μg/1 kg of food is also described as 10 ppb and is therule-of-thumb for the allowable migration limit for an ink compound inthe majority of legislations, but this limit can be higher, whensubstantiated by sufficient toxicological data.

Suitable UV curable inkjet inks for primary food packaging applications,often referred to as Low Migration (LM) inks, are exemplified by EP2053101 A (AGFA), EP 2199273 A (AGFA) and EP 2161290 A (AGFA).

However, low migration UV curable inkjet inks as such do not exist. Anink formulation for printing on the outside of primary packaging canonly contribute to safe food packaging. Also the packaging material andall conditions of the printing process should be monitored by migrationtesting. For example, phthalate plasticizers in packaging materials haveattracted a lot of attention in the past and more recent reportsinvolved the contamination of corn flakes by mineral oils from printinginks contained in recycled paper and carton.

From an engineering point of view, incorporating LED curing inmanufacturing lines is considerably more convenient in comparison withclassical mercury UV lamps and also reduces overall energy consumption.The evolution for curing UV curable inkjet inks from broad, high powermercury UV lamps to UV LEDs emitting in a narrow band at smaller UVlight output has made low migration UV curable inkjet printing packagingsolutions even more critical for printing reliability and food safety.The smaller UV light output of UV LEDs can be partly compensated byusing a nitrogen blanket during curing. However in production lines,inertisation by using a nitrogen blanket complicates the design of theproduction line to such an extent that implementing digital printinginto a production line is no longer economically feasible.

In addition, improper storage and transport conditions may alsodeteriorate the performance of UV curable LM inkjet inks. Not only thedispersion stability of colour pigments in the ink may be negativelyimpacted, but also curing speed may be reduced while migrateables canincrease.

Hence, there is still a need for improved radiation curable inkjet inkswhich can be printed with high reliability, which can be cured by UVLEDs and which do not suffer under varying transport conditions offreezing temperatures and high temperatures.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In order to overcome the problems described above, preferred embodimentsof the present invention have been realised with a radiation curableinkjet ink set as defined below.

It was surprisingly found that a non-polymerizable, non-polymericbisacylphosphine oxide could be used to provide a radiation curablecomposition for industrial food packaging printing having a high LEDsensitivity without the need for inertisation, while still achieving thefood safety requirements of the Swiss Ordinance legislation. Bycontrolling the concentration of the non-polymerizable, non-polymericbisacylphosphine oxide to an upper limit, the influence of varyingstorage and transport conditions on the performance of the radiationcurable composition was minimized. The advantages could only beaccomplished using a specific combination of a polymerizable orpolymeric thioxanthone; a specific co-initiator containing a tertiaryamine; and a vinylether (meth)acrylate monomer.

The radiation curable inkjet ink set according to preferred embodimentsof the invention is preferably used for inkjet printing an image on foodpackaging, more preferably used for inkjet printing wherein the image isat least partially cured by one or more UV LEDs.

Further advantages and benefits of the invention will become apparentfrom the description hereinafter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Definitions

The term “alkyl” means all variants possible for each number of carbonatoms in the alkyl group i.e. methyl, ethyl, for three carbon atoms:n-propyl and isopropyl; for four carbon atoms: n-butyl, isobutyl andtertiary-butyl; for five carbon atoms: n-pentyl, 1,1-dimethyl-propyl,2,2-dimethylpropyl and 2-methyl-butyl, etc.

Unless otherwise specified a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group ispreferably a C₁ to C₆-alkyl group.

Unless otherwise specified a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl groupis preferably a C₁ to C₆-alkenyl group.

Unless otherwise specified a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl groupis preferably a C₁ to C₆-alkynyl group.

Unless otherwise specified a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groupis preferably a phenyl or naphthyl group including one, two, three ormore C₁ to C₆-alkyl groups.

Unless otherwise specified a substituted or unsubstituted alkaryl groupis preferably a C₇ to C₂₀-alkyl group including a phenyl group ornaphthyl group.

Unless otherwise specified a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group ispreferably a phenyl group or naphthyl group

Unless otherwise specified a substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylgroup is preferably a five- or six-membered ring substituted by one, twoor three oxygen atoms, nitrogen atoms, sulphur atoms, selenium atoms orcombinations thereof.

The term “substituted”, in e.g. substituted alkyl group means that thealkyl group may be substituted by other atoms than the atoms normallypresent in such a group, i.e. carbon and hydrogen. For example, asubstituted alkyl group may include a halogen atom or a thiol group. Anunsubstituted alkyl group contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms

Unless otherwise specified a substituted alkyl group, a substitutedalkenyl group, a substituted alkynyl group, a substituted aralkyl group,a substituted alkaryl group, a substituted aryl and a substitutedheteroaryl group are preferably substituted by one or more constituentsselected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and tertiary-butyl, ester group, amidegroup, ether group, thioether group, ketone group, aldehyde group,sulfoxide group, sulfone group, sulfonate ester group, sulphonamidegroup, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —SH, —CN and —NO₂.

The term “image” includes text, numbers, graphics, logos, photos,barcodes, QR codes, and the like. An image can be defined in 1 or morecolours.

Radiation Curable Compositions

The radiation curable composition has a viscosity of no more than 50mPa·s at 25° C. and a shear rate of 90 s⁻¹ and contains: a) at least onenon-polymerizable, non-polymeric bisacylphosphine oxide present in aconcentration of no more than 4.0 wt % based on the total weight of theradiation curable composition; b) at least one monomer comprising atleast one vinyl ether group and at least one polymerizable groupselected from the group consisting of an acrylate group and amethacrylate group; and c) at least one polymerizable or polymericthioxanthone, with the proviso that if the at least one polymerizable orpolymeric thioxanthone contains no tertiary amine group that theradiation curable composition further includes at least one tertiaryamine co-initiator selected from the group consisting ofethylhexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate, a polymerizable co-initiatorcontaining a tertiary amine and a polymeric co-initiator containing atertiary amine.

The radiation curable composition is preferably curable by UV radiation.

The radiation curable composition is preferably jettable by an inkjetprinting device, more preferably an inkjet printing device employing UVcuring instead of electron beam curing.

The radiation curable composition may be a hybrid UV curablecomposition, i.e. curable by cationic and free radical polymerization,but preferably the radiation curable composition is a free radical UVcurable composition. It was found in industrial inkjet printing systemsthat cationically curable inkjet inks posed problems of jettingreliability due to UV stray light. UV stray light hitting the nozzleplate of an inkjet print head results into failing nozzles due toclogging by cured ink in the nozzle. Unlike free radical curable inkwhere radical species have a much shorter lifetime, a cationic curableink continues to cure once an acid species has been generated by UVlight in the nozzle.

The at least one non-polymerizable, non-polymeric bisacylphosphine oxideis preferably selected from the group consisting ofbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phenylphosphine oxide andbis(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphine oxide.

Suitable bis(acyl)phosphine oxide photoinitiators are also disclosed byWO 2012/012067 (DSM).

The at least one non-polymerizable, non-polymeric bisacylphosphine oxidemust be present in a concentration of no more than 4.0 wt % based on thetotal weight of the radiation curable composition, preferably in anamount of 1.0 to 3.5 wt % based on the total weight of the radiationcurable composition. Amounts smaller than 1.0 wt % negatively affect thecuring speed by UV LEDs. An amount larger than 4.0 wt % results ininconsistent performance of the radiation curable composition whenexposed to varying storage and transport conditions.

The radiation curable composition may contain a colorant, in such a casethe radiation curable composition is referred to as a UV curable inkjetink. The colorant is preferably a colour pigment.

In a preferred embodiment, the radiation curable composition forms partof an inkjet ink set. It may be colourless and used as a varnish (e.g.top layer on packaging) and/or a primer (bottom layer, e.g. a barrierlayer for migrateables). The primer may also have a white colour formasking defects in the packaging and enhancing the brilliance of coloursprinted thereon. The varnish may also have a white colour as it can thenbe used in reverse printing of packaging materials. In this case thetransparent substrate becomes the outer layer of the packaging and theprint is protected by the substrate. Contact between the print and thefood is avoided by glueing an inner foil to the ink layer in alamination process. The radiation curable composition is preferably aradiation curable inkjet ink. More preferably all the radiation curableinkjet inks of the inkjet ink set have a composition complying with theinvention.

The radiation curable inkjet ink preferably contains a dispersant, morepreferably a polymeric dispersant, for dispersing the colour pigment.The radiation curable inkjet ink may also contain a dispersion synergistto improve the dispersion quality and stability of the ink. A mixture ofdispersion synergists may be used to further improve dispersionstability.

The surface tension of the radiation curable jettable composition orinkjet ink is preferably from 20 to 50 mN/m at 25° C., more preferablyfrom 22 to 35 mN/m at 25° C. It is preferably 20 mN/m or more from theviewpoint of printability by a second radiation curable inkjet ink, andit is preferably not more than 35 mN/m from the viewpoint of thewettability.

For having a good ejecting ability, the viscosity of the radiationcurable jettable composition or inkjet ink at the jetting temperature ispreferably smaller than 30 mPa·s, more preferably smaller than 15 mPa·s,and most preferably between 4 and 13 mPa·s at a shear rate of 90 s⁻¹ anda jetting temperature between 10 and 70° C.

The viscosity of radiation curable composition or inkjet ink ispreferably smaller than 35 mPa·s, preferably smaller than 28 mPa·s, andmost preferably between 2 and 25 mPa·s at 25° C. and at a shear rate of90 s⁻¹.

The radiation curable composition or inkjet ink may further also containat least one inhibitor for improving the thermal stability of thecomposition or inkjet ink.

The radiation curable composition or inkjet ink may further also containat least one surfactant for obtaining good spreading characteristics ona substrate.

The radiation curable composition or inkjet ink preferably includes 60to 98 wt % of polymerizable compounds, more preferably 70 to 90 wt % ofpolymerizable compounds based upon the total weight of the radiationcurable composition or inkjet ink.

Inkjet Ink Sets

The radiation curable composition or inkjet ink is part of a radiationcurable inkjet ink set including a plurality of inkjet inks. Theradiation curable inkjet ink set preferably includes at least a cyanradiation curable inkjet ink, a magenta radiation curable inkjet ink, ayellow radiation curable inkjet ink and a black radiation curable inkjetink.

The curable CMYK-inkjet ink set may also be extended with extra inkssuch as red, green, blue, and/or orange to further enlarge the colourgamut of the image. The radiation curable inkjet ink set may also beextended by the combination of the full density inkjet inks with lightdensity inkjet inks. The combination of dark and light colour inksand/or black and grey inks improves the image quality by a loweredgraininess.

The curable ink set may also include one or more spot colours,preferably one or more corporate colours, such as e.g. the red colour ofCocaCola™.

The curable inkjet ink set may also include a varnish. The curableinkjet ink set preferably also includes a white inkjet ink.

The radiation curable inkjet ink set is preferably a free radicalcurable inkjet ink set.

Polymerizable and Polymeric Thioxanthone Photoinitiators

The radiation curable composition contains at least one polymerizable orpolymeric thioxanthone, preferably in an amount of 2 to 20 wt %, morepreferably 3 to 17 wt %, and most preferably 5 to 15 wt % wherein theweight percentage (wt %) is based on the total weight of the radiationcurable composition.

The radiation curable composition preferably contains at least onepolymerizable or polymeric thioxanthone having a tertiary amine group inits chemical structure. The tertiary amine group can then act as aco-initiator molecule for another molecule of the at least onepolymerizable or polymeric thioxanthone. If the position of the tertiaryamine group in the at least one polymerizable or polymeric thioxanthoneis well-chosen not only intermolecular co-initiation but alsointra-molecular co-initiation is possible.

A preferred polymerizable thioxanthone photoinitiator containing atertiary amine group is represented by a compound according to Formula(TN-1):

wherein: A represents a thioxanthone group; L represents a divalentlinking group containing 1 to 15 carbon atoms positioning thethioxanthone initiating group A and the CR2R3-group in a 1-5 to a 1-8position wherein position 1 is defined as the first atom in the aromaticor alicyclic ring of A to which L is covalently bonded and the position5 to 8 is defined as the carbon atom of the CR2R3-group to which L iscovalently bonded, with the proviso that L does not contain an amine; R1represents an optionally substituted group selected from the groupconsisting of an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, anaralkyl group, an alkaryl group, an aryl group and a heteroaryl group;R2 to R6 each independently represent a hydrogen or an optionallysubstituted group selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group,an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aralkyl group, an alkaryl group,an aryl group and a heteroaryl group, with the proviso that at least oneof R2 to R6 represents a hydrogen; any two or three groups of the groupselected from R1 to R6 and L may represent the necessary atoms to form afive to eight membered ring; and with the proviso that at least one ofL, R1 to R6 and A is substituted with at least one ethylenicallyunsaturated polymerizable group selected from the group consisting of anacrylate group, a methacrylate group, an acrylamide group, amethacrylamide group, a styrene group, a vinyl ether group, an allylether group, an allyl ester group, a vinyl ester group, a succinategroup, a maleate group, and a maleimide group.

Preferred examples of polymerizable thioxanthone photoinitiatorscontaining a tertiary amine group are given in Table 1 below withoutbeing limited thereto.

TABLE 1

TN-1a

TN-1b

TN-1c

TN-1d

TN-1e

TN-1f

TN-1g

TN-1h

A preferred polymeric thioxanthone photoinitiator containing a tertiaryamine group is represented by a compound according to Formula (TN-2):

[x _(n)Q  Formula (TN-2),

wherein X represents a structural moiety according to Formula (TXA):

wherein: A represents a thioxanthone group; L represents a divalentlinking group containing 1 to 15 carbon atoms positioning thethioxanthone group A and the CR2R3-group in a 1-5 to a 1-9 positionwherein position 1 is defined as the first atom in the aromatic oralicyclic ring of A to which L is covalently bonded and the position 5to 9 is defined as the carbon atom of the CR2R3-group to which L iscovalently bonded, with the proviso that L does not contain an amine; R1represents an optionally substituted group selected from the groupconsisting of an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, anaralkyl group, an alkaryl group, an aryl group and a heteroaryl group;R2 to R6 each independently represent a hydrogen or an optionallysubstituted group selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group,an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aralkyl group, an alkaryl group,an aryl group and a heteroaryl group, with the proviso that at least oneof R2 to R6 represents a hydrogen;any two or three groups of the group selected from R1 to R6 and L mayrepresent the necessary atoms to form a five to eight membered ring; andwith the proviso that L is not substituted with a (meth)acrylate groupand that none of R1 to R6 is substituted with an ethylenicallyunsaturated polymerizable group; Q represents a n-valent linking grouphaving a number average molecular weight of at most 10000; Q is bondedto each of the moieties X via a single bond to a group selected from R1to R6, L and A; and n represents an integer from 2 to 8.

Preferred examples of polymeric thioxanthone photoinitiators containinga tertiary amine group are given in Table 2 below without being limitedthereto.

TABLE 2

TN-2a

  n = 12 on average TN-2b

TN-2c

  n = 4 on average TN-2d

TN-2e

  n = 12 on average TN-2f

TN-2g

  n = 4 on average TN-2h

The radiation curable composition is preferably a polymerizablethioxanthone, more preferably a polymerizable thioxanthone having astructure according to Formula (I):

wherein:k is an integer having a value of 0 or 1;n and m represents an integer having a value of 0 or 1, with the provisothat at least one of n an m should have a value of 1;L represents a divalent linking group coupling A to the thioxanthonering via an ether bond; andA represents a structural moiety comprising 1 to 6 free radicalpolymerizable ethylenically unsaturated bonds.

L preferably contains 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 6carbon atoms and L is most preferably is selected from the groupconsisting of a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, asubstituted or unsubstituted alkenylene group, a substituted orunsubstituted alkynylene group, an ether containing linking group,preferably containing 1 to 4 units selected from the group consisting ofan ethylene oxide, a propylene oxide and a butylene oxide group, anamide containing linking group, and an ester containing linking group.

The free radical polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated bonds in thepolymerizable thioxanthone of Formula (I) are preferably selected fromthe group consisting of an acrylate group, a methacrylate group, astyrene group, an acryl amide group, a methacryl amide group, a maleategroup, a fumarate group, a itaconate group, a vinyl ether group, anallyl ether group, a vinyl ester group and an allyl ester group. In amore preferred embodiment at least one of the 1 to 6 free radicalpolymerizable ethylenically unsaturated bonds represents an acrylategroup or a methacrylate group, an acrylate being most preferred forreasons of food safety.

The polymerizable thioxanthone of Formula (I), preferably includes 2, 3or 4 free radical polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated bonds. A toohigh number of free radical polymerizable ethylenically unsaturatedbonds may result, especially in the case of acrylate groups, in earlyvitrification of the cured layer. Having more than one free radicalpolymerizable ethylenically unsaturated bond minimizes the amount ofmigrateables.

In a more preferred embodiment of the polymerizable thioxanthone, thepolymerizable thioxanthone is represented by Formula (II):

wherein:k is an integer having a value of 0 or 1;n and m represents an integer having a value of 0 or 1, with the provisothat at least one of n an m should have a value of 1;R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of ahydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted alkaryl group and a substituted or unsubstituted aryl orheteroaryl group;z represents 1 or 2;R³ represents a moiety comprising at least one free radicalpolymerizable group selected from the group consisting of an acrylate, amethacrylate, an acrylamide, a methacrylamide, a styrene group, amaleate, a fumarate, an itaconate, a vinyl ether, a vinyl ester, anallyl ether and an allyl ester.

In a preferred embodiment, R³ represents a moiety comprising 1 to 6acrylate groups or methacrylate groups, the acrylate group being mostpreferred. Most preferably R³ represents a moiety comprising 2, 3 or 4acrylate groups for reasons of maximizing food safety.

In a preferred embodiment of the polymerizable thioxanthone according toFormula (I) or (II), the integers k and m have a value of 1, while theinteger n has a value of 0.

In another preferred embodiment of the polymerizable thioxanthoneaccording to Formula (I) or (II), the integers k and m have a value of0, while the integer n has a value of 1.

The substituents R¹ and R² in the polymerizable thioxanthone accordingto Formula (I) or (II) preferably both represent hydrogen.

Other preferred polymerizable thioxanthones are disclosed in [0021] to[0031] and Table 1 of EP 2161264 A (AGFA), in [0029] to [0052] and Table1 of WO 2010/069758 (AGFA) and in [0021] to [0031] and Table 1 of WO2012/052288 (AGFA).

Particularly preferred polymerizable thioxanthones are selected from thegroup consisting of:

and

n-allylthioxanthone-3,4-dicarboximide.

If the radiation curable composition does not contain at least onepolymerizable thioxanthone, its contains at least one polymericthioxanthone. A combination of a polymerizable thioxanthone andpolymeric thioxanthone can also be advantageously used in the radiationcurable composition, for example to adjust the viscosity to a desiredvalue.

For obtaining very low viscosities of the radiation curable composition,which is especially advantageous for radiation curable inkjet inks, thepolymeric thioxanthone comprises a dendritic polymer core with at leastone initiating functional group as an end group. Preferred examples arepolymeric thioxanthones disclosed in [0064] to [0080] of EP 1616921 A(AGFA).

In a more preferred embodiment, the polymeric thioxanthone comprises adendritic polymer core with at least one initiating functional group andat least one co-initiating functional group. Preferred examples arepolymeric thioxanthones disclosed in [0061] to [0104] of EP 1616899 A(AGFA).

The dendritic polymeric core used in the polymeric thioxanthone for theradiation curable composition is preferably a hyperbranched polymercore.

Linear polymeric thioxanthones may be used and can be used to adjust theradiation curable composition to a higher viscosity.

Particularly preferred polymerizable thioxanthones are selected from thegroup consisting of:

with n on average equal to 2 to 4; and

with a molecular weight Mw smaller than 1,000. Suitable commerciallypolymeric thioxanthones of the above compounds are available as Omnipol™TX (CASRN515139-51-2) with n on average equal to 3 from IGM Resins,respectively Genopol™ TX-1 (CASRN1256447-30-9) having a Mw=820 fromRAHN.

Other preferred polymeric thioxanthones are disclosed on pages 2 to 5and the examples of WO 2009/060235 (LAMBSON) and in the last paragraphof page 1 to first paragraph of page 20 of WO 2010/124950 (SIEGWERK).

Suitable polymeric initiators have been recently reviewed by Hrdlovic P.(Polymer News, 30(6), 179-182 (2005) and Polymer News, 30(8), 248-250(2005)) and Corrales T. (Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry 159 (2003), 103-114). Further suitable polymericphotoinitiators can be found in CRIVELLO, J. V., et al.; Chemistry &technology of UV & EB Formulation for Coatings, Inks & Paints. VolumeIII: Photoinitiators for Free Radical, Cationic & AnionicPhotopolymerisation, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd in associationwith SITA Technology Ltd, London, U K, 1998 edited by Dr. G. Bradley;ISBN 0471 978922, page 208-224.

Tertiary Amine Co-Initiators

If the at least one polymerizable or polymeric thioxanthone contains notertiary amine group then the radiation curable composition furtherincludes at least one tertiary amine co-initiator selected from thegroup consisting of ethylhexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate, a polymerizableco-initiator containing a tertiary amine and a polymeric co-initiatorcontaining a tertiary amine.

A combination of a polymerizable co-initiator containing a tertiaryamine and a polymeric co-initiator containing a tertiary amine may beadvantageously used to adjust the viscosity of the radiation curablecomposition.

Ethyl hexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EHA) is preferably present in theradiation curable composition in an amount of 0.5 wt % to 5.0 wt %, morepreferably in an amount of 1.0 to 4.0 wt % and most preferably 3 wt % orless, wherein all wt % are based on the total weight of the radiationcurable composition.

The at least one tertiary amine co-initiator may also be a polymerizableco-initiator containing a tertiary amine, more preferably apolymerizable co-initiator containing one or more 4-dialkylaminobenzoategroups, most preferably a polymerizable co-initiator containing one ormore 4-dimethylaminobenzoate groups. Other preferred tertiary aminegroups for the at least one polymerizable co-initiator containing atertiary amine include aliphatic tertiary amine groups and piperazinegroups.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the polymerizable co-initiatorcontaining a tertiary amine is selected from the group consisting of:

The radiation curable composition preferably contains the polymerizableco-initiator containing a tertiary amine in an amount of 1.0 to 10.0 wt%, more preferably 2.0 to 7.0 wt % and most preferably 3.0 to 5.0 wt %wherein all wt % are based on the total weight of the radiation curablecomposition.

The at least one tertiary amine co-initiator may also be a polymericco-initiator containing a tertiary amine, more preferably a polymericco-initiator containing one or more 4-dialkylaminobenzoate groups, mostpreferably a polymeric co-initiator containing one or more4-dimethylaminobenzoate groups. Other preferred tertiary amine groupsfor the at least one polymeric co-initiator containing a tertiary amineinclude aliphatic tertiary amine groups and piperazine groups.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one polymeric co-initiatorcontaining a tertiary amine is a polyether based polymer. Particularlypreferred polymeric co-initiators are derivatives from ethoxylatedtrimethylolpropane, propoxylated trimethylolpropane, polyethylene oxide,polypropylene oxide, ethoxylated neopentyl glycol, propoxylatedneopentylglycol, ethyleneoxide propylene oxide copolymers, ethoxylatedglycerol, propoxylated glycerol, ethoxylated pentaerithritol,propoxylated pentaerythritol and polytetrahydrofurane.

In a further preferred embodiment, the at least one polymericco-initiator containing a tertiary amine has a numeric average molecularweight of no more than 1500, more preferably of no more than 1000 andmost preferably of no more than 750.

In another preferred embodiment, the radiation curable compositioncontains 1.0 to 25.0 wt %, more preferably 2.0 to 10.0 w % and mostpreferably 3.0 to 7.0 wt % wherein all wt % are based on the totalweight of the radiation curable composition.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the polymeric co-initiatorcontaining a tertiary amine is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein the compound has a has a numeric average molecular weight of nomore than 1500 or wherein n is an integer of 1 to 4. Suitablecorresponding polymeric co-initiator containing a tertiary amine arecommercially available as Omnipol™ ASA (CASRN71512-90-8) from IGMResins, Genopol™ AB-1 and AB-2 (CASRN1215019-68-3) from RAHN, andSpeedcure™ 7040 (CASRN1182751-31-0) from LAMBSON.

Preferred polymeric co-initiators containing a tertiary amine arepolymeric co-initiators having a dendritic polymeric architecture, morepreferably a hyperbranched polymeric architecture. Preferredhyperbranched polymeric co-initiators are those disclosed in US2006014848 (AGFA).

Other Photoinitiators and Co-Initiators

In addition to the at least one non-polymerizable, non-polymericbisacylphosphine oxide and the at least one polymerizable or polymericthioxanthone, the radiation curable composition or inkjet ink maycontain one or more other photoinitiators and/or co-initiators.

For primary food packaging applications, these one or more otherphotoinitiators are preferably selected from the group consisting ofpolymerizable photoinitiators, polymeric photoinitiators andmultifunctional photoinitiators. A multifunctional photoinitiator is aphotoinitiator having two or more photoinitiating groups, e.g. twobenzophenone groups and a thioxanthone group. In a more preferredembodiment, the one ore more other photoinitiators are a polymerizablephotoinitiator. Such a photoinitiator results in a smaller viscositythan a polymeric photoinitiator while still minimizing health risks infood packaging applications.

The photoinitiator in the free radical radiation curable inkjet ink is afree radical initiator, more specifically a Norrish type I initiator ora Norrish type II initiator. A free radical photoinitiator is a chemicalcompound that initiates polymerization of monomers when exposed toactinic radiation by the formation of a free radical. A Norrish Type Iinitiator is an initiator which cleaves after excitation, yielding theinitiating radical immediately. A Norrish type II-initiator is aphotoinitiator which is activated by actinic radiation and forms freeradicals by hydrogen abstraction from a second compound that becomes theactual initiating free radical. This second compound is called apolymerization synergist or a co-initiator. Both type I and type IIphotoinitiators can be used in the present invention, alone or incombination. The free radical radiation curable inkjet ink preferablyincludes no cationic photoinitiator.

The polymerizable photoinitiators may be combined with other type ofnon-polymeric or non-polymerizable photoinitiators, for food packagingapplications at concentration levels in the inkjet ink causing no healthrisks, e.g. due to migration into the foodstuff.

Suitable photoinitiators are disclosed in CRIVELLO, J. V., et al.Photoinitiators for Free Radical Cationic and AnionicPhotopolymerization. 2nd edition. Edited by BRADLEY, G. London, UK: JohnWiley and Sons Ltd, 1998. p. 287-294.

Specific examples of photoinitiators may include, but are not limitedto, the following compounds or combinations thereof: benzophenone andsubstituted benzophenones, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone,thioxanthones such as isopropylthioxanthone,2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one,2-benzyl-2-dimethylamino-(4-morpholinophenyl) butan-1-one, benzildimethylketal, bis (2,6-dimethylbenzoyl)-2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphineoxide, 2,4,6 trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide,2,4,6-trimethoxybenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide,2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio) phenyl]-2-morpholinopropan-1-one,2,2-dimethoxy-1, 2-diphenylethan-1-one or5,7-diiodo-3-butoxy-6-fluorone.

Suitable commercial photoinitiators include Irgacure™ 184, Irgacure™500, Irgacure™ 369, Irgacure™ 1700, Irgacure™ 651, Irgacure™ 1000,Irgacure™ 1300, Irgacure™ 1870, Darocur™ 1173, Darocur™ 2959, Darocur™4265 and Darocur™ ITX available from BASF AG, Lucerin™ TPO availablefrom BASF AG, Esacure™ KT046, Esacure™ KIP150, Esacure™ KT37 andEsacure™ EDB available from LAMBERTI, H-Nu™ 470 and H-Nu™ 470X availablefrom SPECTRA GROUP Ltd.

For a low migration radiation curable composition or inkjet ink, thephotoinitiator preferably consists of so-called diffusion hinderedphotoinitiator. A diffusion hindered photoinitiator is a photoinitiatorwhich exhibits a much lower mobility in a cured layer of the radiationcurable inkjet ink than a monofunctional photoinitiator, such asbenzophenone. Several methods can be used to lower the mobility of thephotoinitiator. One way is to increase the molecular weight of thephotoinitiators so that the diffusion speed is reduced, e.g. polymericphotoinitiators. Another way is to increase its reactivity so that it isbuilt into the polymerizing network, e.g. multifunctionalphotoinitiators (having 2, 3 or more photoinitiating groups) andpolymerizable photoinitiators.

The diffusion hindered photoinitiator is preferably selected from thegroup consisting of non-polymeric multifunctional photoinitiators,oligomeric or polymeric photoinitiators and polymerizablephotoinitiators. Non-polymeric di- or multifunctional photoinitiatorsare considered to have a molecular weight between 300 and 900 Dalton.Non-polymerizable monofunctional photoinitiators with a molecular weightin that range are not diffusion hindered photoinitiators.

Most preferably the photoinitiators in the radiation curable inkjet inkconsist of one or more diffusion hindered photoinitiators, preferablyone or more polymerizable or polymeric photoinitiators, and morepreferably polymerizable photoinitiators.

Preferred diffusion hindered photoinitiators contain one or morephotoinitiating functional groups derived from a Norrish typeI-photoinitiator selected from the group consisting of benzoinethers,benzil ketals, α,α-dialkoxyacetophenones, α-hydroxyalkylphenones,α-aminoalkylphenones, acylphosphine oxides, acylphosphine sulphides,α-haloketones, α-halosulfones and phenylglyoxalates.

Preferred diffusion hindered photoinitiators contain one or morephotoinitiating functional groups derived from a Norrish typeII-initiator selected from the group consisting of benzophenones,1,2-diketones and anthraquinones.

Suitable diffusion hindered photoinitiators are also those disclosed inEP 2065362 A (AGFA) and EP 2161264 A (AGFA).

In a photoinitiating system, one of the photoinitiators can alsofunction as a sensitizer enhancing the reactivity of anotherphotoinitiator. Preferred sensitizers are polymerizable sensitizers suchas those disclosed in EP 2053095 A (FUJIFILM).

In order to increase the photosensitivity further, the free radicalradiation curable composition or inkjet ink may additionally contain nonon-polymerizable, no non-polymeric co-initiators. Suitable examples ofthese co-initiators can be categorized in three groups: 1) tertiaryaliphatic amines such as methyldiethanolamine, dimethylethanolamine,triethanolamine, triethylamine and N-methylmorpholine; (2) aromaticamines such as amylparadimethylaminobenzoate,2-n-butoxyethyl-4-(dimethylamino) benzoate,2-(dimethylamino)ethylbenzoate, ethyl-4-(dimethylamino)benzoate, and2-ethylhexyl-4-(dimethylamino)benzoate; and (3) (meth)acrylated aminessuch as dialkylamino alkyl(meth)acrylates (e.g.,diethylaminoethylacrylate) or N-morpholinoalkyl-(meth)acrylates (e.g.,N-morpholinoethyl-acrylate). The preferred co-initiators areaminobenzoates. When one or more of these co-initiators are includedinto the radiation curable inkjet ink, for food packaging applicationsamounts are used causing no health risks, e.g. due to migration into thefoodstuff.

The free radical radiation curable composition or inkjet ink preferablyincludes the other co-initiator in an amount of 0.1 to 10.0 wt %, morepreferably in an amount of 0.5 to 5.0 wt %, most preferably in an amountof 1.0 to 3.0 wt % of the total weight of the free radical radiationcurable composition or inkjet ink.

The radiation curable composition preferably does not include aphotoinitiator selected from the group of 2-hydroxy 2-methylpropiophenone, benzophenone, 2-methyl benzophenone, 4-methylbenzophenone, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzo-phenone, 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenylketone, 2,2-dimethoxy 2-phenyl acetophenone, 2-methyl4′-(methylthio) 2-morpholinopropiophenone, 4-isopropyl9H-thioxanthen-9-one, 2-isopropyl 9H-thioxanthen-9-one, and 2,4-diethyl9H-thioxanthen-9-one. Such a radiation curable composition has nodoubtful toxicology.

Monomers Containing Vinylether Groups and (Meth)Acrylate Groups

The radiation curable composition contains at least one monomercomprising at least one vinyl ether group and at least one polymerizablegroup selected from the group consisting of an acrylate group and amethacrylate group, wherein this monomer is preferably represented byFormula (III):

Wherein

R⁴ represents a hydrogen or a methyl group;L represents a divalent linking group selected from the group consistingof a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted orunsubstituted alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedalkynylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene group andan ether containing alkylene group.

In a further preferred embodiment, the monomer comprising at least onepolymerizable group selected from the group consisting of an acrylateand a methacrylate and at least one vinyl ether is represented byFormula (IV):

wherein:R⁵ represents a hydrogen or a methyl group; andn represents an integer from 0 to 4. In the most preferred embodiment,R4 and R5 represent hydrogen.

The at least one monomer comprising at least one vinyl ether group andat least one (meth)acrylate group is preferably selected from the groupconsisting of:

In the most preferred embodiment of the radiation curable composition,the at least one monomer comprising at least one vinyl ether group andat least one polymerizable group selected from the group consisting ofan acrylate group and a methacrylate group is 2-(2-vinyloxyethoxy)ethylacrylate.

Other suitable vinylether (meth)acrylates are those disclosed in columns3 and 4 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,767,980 (NIPPON SHOKUBAI).

A single compound or a mixture of vinylether acrylates may be used.

The radiation curable composition according to a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention contains at least 10 wt %, more preferably atleast 20 wt % and most preferably at least 25 wt % of the monomeraccording to Formula (III) or (IV), wherein all wt % are based on thetotal weight of the radiation curable composition.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the radiation curablecomposition, it includes a polymerizable composition consistingessentially of: a) 25 to 100 wt % of a monomer according to Formula(III) or (IV), preferably 2-(2-vinyloxyethoxy)ethyl acrylate; b) 0 to 55wt % of one or more polymerizable compounds A selected from the groupconsisting of monofunctional acrylates and difunctional acrylates; andc) 0 to 55 wt % of one or more polymerizable compounds B selected fromthe group consisting of trifunctional acrylates, tetrafunctionalacrylates, pentafunctional acrylates and hexafunctional acrylates, withthe proviso that if the weight percentage of compounds A>24 wt %, thenthe weight percentage of compounds B>1 wt %; and wherein all weightpercentages of A and B are based upon the total weight of thepolymerizable composition.

Other Monomers and Oligomers

The radiation curable composition or inkjet ink may include one or moreother monomers and/or oligomers than the at least one monomer comprisingat least one vinyl ether group and at least one polymerizable groupselected from the group consisting of an acrylate group and amethacrylate group.

Any monomer and oligomer capable of free radical polymerization may beused in the radiation curable composition or inkjet ink. The monomersand oligomers may have different degrees of polymerizable functionality,and a mixture including combinations of mono-, di-, tri- and higherpolymerizable functionality monomers may be used. The viscosity of theradiation curable inkjet ink can be adjusted by varying the ratiobetween the monomers.

The monomers and oligomers used, especially for food packagingapplications, are preferably purified compounds having no or almost noimpurities, more particularly no toxic or carcinogenic impurities. Theimpurities are usually derivative compounds obtained during synthesis ofthe polymerizable compound. Purification methods are well-known to thoseskilled in the art of manufacturing monomers and oligomers. Sometimes,however, some compounds may be added deliberately to pure polymerizablecompounds in harmless amounts, for example, polymerization inhibitors orstabilizers.

Particularly preferred monomers and oligomers are those listed in [0106]to [0115] in EP 1911814 A (AGFA).

In a preferred embodiment, the radiation curable composition or inkjetink includes at least one monomer selected from the group consisting ofN-vinyl caprolactam, phenoxyethyl acrylate, dipropyleneglycoldiacrylate,ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, pentaerythritoltetraacrylate, and cyclic trimethylolpropane formal acrylate.

For achieving high printing speeds, preferably low viscous monomers areused so that a low viscosity for the free radical radiation curableinkjet ink can be obtained. However, in industrial inkjet printing alsoa high reliability is required which allows the incorporation of theinkjet printing system into a production line. In a preferredembodiment, the low viscous monomer loses less than 15% of its weightwhen kept at 40° C. for 100 hours in an open cubic vessel.

Colorants

The radiation curable inkjet ink may contain a colorant. Colorants usedin the curable inks may be dyes, pigments or a combination thereof.Organic and/or inorganic pigments may be used.

The colorant is preferably a pigment or a polymeric dye, most preferablya colour pigment. In food packaging applications, low molecular weightdyes, e.g. smaller than 1000 Dalton, can still migrate into the food orbe extracted by the food giving undesired coloration of the food, oreven worse allergic reactions after consuming the solid or liquid food.

The pigments may be black, white, cyan, magenta, yellow, red, orange,violet, blue, green, brown, mixtures thereof, and the like. This colourpigment may be chosen from those disclosed by HERBST, Willy, et al.Industrial Organic Pigments, Production, Properties, Applications. 3rdedition. Wiley—VCH, 2004. ISBN 3527305769.

Particular preferred pigments are C.I. Pigment Yellow 1, 3, 10, 12, 13,14, 17, 55, 65, 73, 74, 75, 83, 93, 97, 109, 111, 120, 128, 138, 139,150, 151, 154, 155, 175, 180, 181, 185, 194 and 213.

Particular preferred pigments are C.I. Pigment Red 17, 22, 23, 41, 48:1,48:2, 49:1, 49:2, 52:1, 57:1, 88, 112, 122, 144, 146, 149, 170, 175,176, 184, 185, 188, 202, 206, 207, 210, 216, 221, 248, 251, 254, 255,264, 266, 270 and 272.

Particular preferred pigments are C.I. Pigment Violet 19, 23, 32, and37.

Particular preferred pigments are C.I. Pigment Blue 15:1, 15:2, 15:3,15:4, 15:6, 16, 56, 61 and (bridged) aluminium phthalocyanine pigments.

Particular preferred pigments are C.I. Pigment Orange 5, 13, 16, 34, 40,43, 59, 66, 67, 69, 71 and 73.

Particular preferred pigments are C.I. Pigment Green 7 and 36.

Particular preferred pigments are C.I. Pigment Brown 6 and 7.

Suitable pigments include mixed crystals of the above particularpreferred pigments. Mixed crystals are also referred to as solidsolutions. For example, under certain conditions different quinacridonesmix with each other to form solid solutions, which are quite differentfrom both physical mixtures of the compounds and from the compoundsthemselves. In a solid solution, the molecules of the components enterinto the same crystal lattice, usually, but not always, that of one ofthe components. The x-ray diffraction pattern of the resultingcrystalline solid is characteristic of that solid and can be clearlydifferentiated from the pattern of a physical mixture of the samecomponents in the same proportion. In such physical mixtures, the x-raypattern of each of the components can be distinguished, and thedisappearance of many of these lines is one of the criteria of theformation of solid solutions. A commercially available example isCinquasia Magenta RT-355-D from BASF AG.

Carbon black is preferred as a black pigment. Suitable black pigmentsinclude carbon blacks such as Pigment Black 7 (e.g. Carbon Black MA8®from MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL), Regal® 400R, Mogul® L, Elftex® 320 from CABOTCo., or Carbon Black FW18, Special Black 250, Special Black 350, SpecialBlack 550, Printex® 25, Printex® 35, Printex® 55, Printex® 90, Printex®150T from DEGUSSA. In a preferred embodiment, the carbon black pigmentused is a pigment having less than 0.15% of toluene-extractable fractionusing the method as described in section III, paragraph 5 of theResolution AP(89) 1 dated 13 Sep. 1989 published by the Council ofEurope.

It is also possible to make mixtures of pigments. For example, in someinkjet ink application a neutral black inkjet ink is preferred and canbe obtained e.g. by mixing a black pigment and a cyan pigment into theink. Also pigments may be combined to enlarge the colour gamut of an inkset. The inkjet application may also require one or more spot colours.Silver and gold are often desired colours for making a product moreattractive by giving it an exclusive appearance.

Also non-organic pigments may be present in the inks. Suitable pigmentsare C.I. Pigment Metal 1, 2 and 3. Illustrative examples of theinorganic pigments include titanium oxide, barium sulfate, calciumcarbonate, zinc oxide, lead sulfate, yellow lead, zinc yellow, red ironoxide (III), cadmium red, ultramarine blue, prussian blue, chromiumoxide green, cobalt green, amber, titanium black and synthetic ironblack. However, care should be taken to prevent migration and extractionof heavy metals in food application. In the preferred embodiment nopigments are used which contain a heavy metal selected from the groupconsisting of arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium. In a more preferredembodiment, no inorganic pigments are used in the inkjet ink with theexception of titanium oxide, and calcium carbonate.

Pigment particles in inkjet ink should be sufficiently small to permitfree flow of the ink through the inkjet-printing device, especially atthe ejecting nozzles. It is also desirable to use small particles formaximum colour strength and to slow down sedimentation.

The numeric average pigment particle size is preferably between 0.050and 1 μm, more preferably between 0.070 and 0.300 μm and particularlypreferably between 0.080 and 0.200 μm. Most preferably, the numericaverage pigment particle size is no larger than 0.150 μm. An averageparticle size smaller than 0.050 μm is less desirable for decreasedlight-fastness, but mainly also because very small pigment particles orindividual pigment molecules thereof may still be extracted in foodpackaging applications.

The numeric average pigment particle size of pigment particles is bestdetermined with a Brookhaven Instruments Particle Sizer BI90plus basedupon the principle of dynamic light scattering. The ink is then diluted,for example, with ethyl acetate to a pigment concentration of 0.002 wt%. The measurement settings of the BI90plus are: 5 runs at 23° C., angleof 90°, wavelength of 635 nm and graphics=correction function.

In the case of a white radiation curable ink, preferably a pigment witha refractive index greater than 1.60, preferably greater than 2.00, morepreferably greater than 2.50 and most preferably greater than 2.60 isused. The white pigments may be employed singly or in combination.

Preferably titanium dioxide is used for the pigment with a refractiveindex greater than 1.60. Titanium oxide occurs in the crystalline formsof anatase type, rutile type and brookite type. The anatase type has arelatively low density and is easily ground into fine particles, whilethe rutile type has a relatively high refractive index, exhibiting ahigh covering power. Either one of these is usable in this invention. Itis preferred to make the most possible use of characteristics and tomake selections according to the use thereof. The use of the anatasetype having a low density and a small particle size can achieve superiordispersion stability, ink storage stability and ejectability. At leasttwo different crystalline forms may be used in combination. The combineduse of the anatase type and the rutile type which exhibits a highcolouring power can reduce the total amount of titanium oxide, leadingto improved storage stability and ejection performance of ink.

For surface treatment of the titanium oxide, an aqueous treatment or agas phase treatment is applied, and an alumina-silica treating agent isusually employed. Untreated-, alumina treated- or alumina-silicatreated-titanium oxide are employable.

The numeric average particle diameter of the titanium oxide or otherwhite pigments is preferably from 50 to 500 nm, more preferably from 150to 400 nm, and most preferably from 200 to 350 nm. Sufficient hidingpower cannot be obtained when the average diameter is less than 50 nm,and the storage ability and the jet-out suitability of the ink tend tobe degraded when the average diameter exceeds 500 nm. The determinationof the numeric average particle diameter is best performed by photoncorrelation spectroscopy at a wavelength of 633 nm with a 4 mW HeNelaser on a diluted sample of the pigmented inkjet ink. A suitableparticle size analyzer used was a Malvern™ nano-S available fromGoffin-Meyvis. A sample can, for example, be prepared by addition of onedrop of ink to a cuvet containing 1.5 mL ethyl acetate and mixed until ahomogenous sample was obtained. The measured particle size is theaverage value of 3 consecutive measurements consisting of 6 runs of 20seconds.

Generally pigments are stabilized in the dispersion medium by dispersingagents, such as polymeric dispersants or surfactants. However, thesurface of the pigments can be modified to obtain so-called“self-dispersible” or “self-dispersing” pigments, i.e. pigments that aredispersible in the dispersion medium without dispersants.

The pigment is preferably used in a pigment dispersion used forpreparing inkjet inks in an amount of 10 to 40 wt %, more preferably of15 to 30 wt % based on the total weight of the pigment dispersion. In acurable inkjet ink the pigment is preferably present in an amount of 0.1to 20 wt %, preferably 1 to 10 wt % based on the total weight of theinkjet ink.

Polymeric Dispersants

Typical polymeric dispersants are copolymers of two monomers but maycontain three, four, five or even more monomers. The properties ofpolymeric dispersants depend on both the nature of the monomers andtheir distribution in the polymer. Copolymeric dispersants preferablyhave the following polymer compositions:

-   -   statistically polymerized monomers (e.g. monomers A and B        polymerized into ABBAABAB);    -   alternating polymerized monomers (e.g. monomers A and B        polymerized into ABABABAB);    -   gradient (tapered) polymerized monomers (e.g. monomers A and B        polymerized into AAABAABBABBB);    -   block copolymers (e.g. monomers A and B polymerized into        AAAAABBBBBB) wherein the block length of each of the blocks (2,        3, 4, 5 or even more) is important for the dispersion capability        of the polymeric dispersant;    -   graft copolymers (graft copolymers consist of a polymeric        backbone with polymeric side chains attached to the backbone);        and    -   mixed forms of these polymers, e.g. blocky gradient copolymers.

Suitable polymeric dispersants are listed in the section on“Dispersants”, more specifically [0064] to [0070] and [0074] to [0077],in EP 1911814 A (AGFA GRAPHICS) incorporated herein as a specificreference.

The polymeric dispersant has preferably a number average molecularweight Mn between 500 and 30000, more preferably between 1500 and 10000.

The polymeric dispersant has preferably a weight average molecularweight Mw smaller than 100,000, more preferably smaller than 50,000 andmost preferably smaller than 30,000.

The polymeric dispersant has preferably a polydispersity PD smaller than2, more preferably smaller than 1.75 and most preferably smaller than1.5.

Commercial examples of polymeric dispersants are the following:

-   -   DISPERBYK™ dispersants available from BYK CHEMIE GMBH;    -   SOLSPERSE™ dispersants available from LUBRIZOL;    -   TEGO™ DISPERS™ dispersants from EVONIK;    -   EDAPLAN™ dispersants from MUNZING CHEMIE;    -   ETHACRYL™ dispersants from LYONDELL;    -   GANEX™ dispersants from ISP;    -   DISPEX™ and EFKA™ dispersants from BASF;    -   DISPONER™ dispersants from DEUCHEM.

Particularly preferred polymeric dispersants include Solsperse™dispersants from LUBRIZOL, Efka™ dispersants from BASF and Disperbyk™dispersants from BYK CHEMIE GMBH. Particularly preferred dispersants areSolsperse™ 32000, 35000 and 39000 dispersants from LUBRIZOL.

The polymeric dispersant is preferably used in an amount of 2 to 600 wt%, more preferably 5 to 200 wt %, most preferably 50 to 90 wt % based onthe weight of the pigment.

Dispersion Synergists

A dispersion synergist usually consists of an anionic part and acationic part. The anionic part of the dispersion synergist exhibiting acertain molecular similarity with the colour pigment and the cationicpart of the dispersion synergist consists of one or more protons and/orcations to compensate the charge of the anionic part of the dispersionsynergist.

The dispersion synergist is preferably added in a smaller amount thanthe polymeric dispersant(s). The ratio of polymericdispersant/dispersion synergist depends upon the pigment and should bedetermined experimentally. Typically the ratio wt % polymericdispersant/wt % dispersion synergist is selected between 2:1 to 100:1,preferably between 2:1 and 20:1.

Suitable dispersion synergists that are commercially available includeSolsperse™ 5000 and Solsperse™ 22000 from LUBRIZOL.

Particular preferred pigments for the magenta ink used are adiketopyrrolo-pyrrole pigment or a quinacridone pigment. Suitabledispersion synergists include those disclosed in EP 1790698 A (AGFAGRAPHICS), EP 1790696 A (AGFA GRAPHICS), WO 2007/060255 (AGFA GRAPHICS)and EP 1790695 A (AGFA GRAPHICS).

In dispersing C.I. Pigment Blue 15:3, the use of a sulfonatedCu-phthalocyanine dispersion synergist, e.g. Solsperse™ 5000 fromLUBRIZOL is preferred. Suitable dispersion synergists for yellow inkjetinks include those disclosed in EP 1790697 A (AGFA GRAPHICS).

Polymerization Inhibitors

The radiation curable inkjet ink may contain a polymerization inhibitor.Suitable polymerization inhibitors include phenol type antioxidants,hindered amine light stabilizers, phosphor type antioxidants,hydroquinone monomethyl ether commonly used in (meth)acrylate monomers,and hydroquinone, t-butylcatechol, pyrogallol may also be used.

Suitable commercial inhibitors are, for example, Sumilizer™ GA-80,Sumilizer™ GM and Sumilizer™ GS produced by Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd.;Genorad™ 16, Genorad™ 18 and Genorad™ 20 from Rahn AG; Irgastab™ UV10and Irgastab™ UV22, Tinuvin™ 460 and CGS20 from BASF; Floorstab™ UVrange (UV-1, UV-2, UV-5 and UV-8) from Kromachem Ltd, Additol™ S range(S100, S110, S120 and S130) from Cytec Surface Specialties.

Since excessive addition of these polymerization inhibitors will lowerthe ink sensitivity to curing, it is preferred that the amount capableof preventing polymerization is determined prior to blending. The amountof a polymerization inhibitor is preferably lower than 2 wt % of thetotal (inkjet) ink.

In a preferred embodiment, the polymerization inhibitor is apolymerizable inhibitor, preferably containing one or more acrylategroups for achieving good reactivity.

Surfactants

The radiation curable composition or inkjet ink may contain at least onesurfactant. The surfactant can be anionic, cationic, non-ionic, orzwitter-ionic and is preferably added in a total quantity less than 3 wt% based on the total weight of the ink and particularly in a total lessthan 1 wt % based on the total weight of the free radical curable inkjetink.

Preferred surfactants are selected from fluoro surfactants (such asfluorinated hydrocarbons) and silicone surfactants. The siliconesurfactants are preferably siloxanes and can be alkoxylated, polyestermodified, polyether modified, polyether modified hydroxy functional,amine modified, epoxy modified and other modifications or combinationsthereof. Preferred siloxanes are polymeric, for examplepolydimethylsiloxanes.

Preferred commercial silicone surfactants include BYK™ 333 and BYK™UV3510 from BYK Chemie.

In a preferred embodiment, the surfactant is a polymerizable compound.

Preferred polymerizable silicone surfactants include a (meth)acrylatedsilicone surfactant. Most preferably the (meth)acrylated siliconesurfactant is an acrylated silicone surfactant, because acrylates aremore reactive than methacrylates.

In a preferred embodiment, the (meth)acrylated silicone surfactant is apolyether modified (meth)acrylated polydimethylsiloxane or a polyestermodified (meth)acrylated polydimethylsiloxane.

Preferred commercially available (meth)acrylated silicone surfactantsinclude: Ebecryl™ 350, a silicone diacrylate from Cytec; the polyethermodified acrylated polydimethylsiloxane BYK™ UV3500 and BYK™ UV3530, thepolyester modified acrylated polydimethylsiloxane BYK™ UV3570, allmanufactured by BYK Chemie; Tego™ Rad 2100, Tego™ Rad 2200N, Tego™ Rad2250N, Tego™ Rad 2300, Tego™ Rad 2500, Tego™ Rad 2600, and Tego™ Rad2700, Tego™ RC711 from EVONIK; Silaplane™ FM7711, Silaplanen™ FM7721,Silaplanen™ FM7731, Silaplanen™ FM0711, Silaplane™ FM0721, Silaplane™FM0725, Silaplane™ TM0701, Silaplane™ TM0701T all manufactured by ChissoCorporation; and DMS-R05, DMS-R11, DMS-R18, DMS-R22, DMS-R31, DMS-U21,DBE-U22, SIB1400, RMS-044, RMS-033, RMS-083, UMS-182, UMS-992, UCS-052,RTT-1011 and UTT-1012 all manufactured by Gelest, Inc.

Preparation of Radiation Curable Compositions and Inkjet Inks

The method of preparing a radiation curable composition is preferablymade by mixing: a) at least one non-polymerizable, non-polymericbisacylphosphine oxide; b) at least one monomer comprising at least onevinyl ether group and at least one polymerizable group selected from thegroup consisting of an acrylate group and a methacrylate group; and c)at least one polymerizable or polymeric thioxanthone, with the provisothat if the at least one polymerizable or polymeric thioxanthonecontains no tertiary amine group that the radiation curable compositionfurther includes at least one tertiary amine co-initiator selected fromthe group consisting of ethylhexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate, apolymerizable co-initiator containing a tertiary amine and a polymericco-initiator containing a tertiary amine.

The preparation of pigmented radiation curable inkjet inks is well-knownto the skilled person. Preferred methods of preparation are disclosed inparagraphs [0076] to [0085] of WO 2011/069943 (AGFA).

Inkjet Printing Methods

An inkjet printing method according to a preferred embodiment of theinvention includes the steps of: (1) jetting ink dots on a substrate ofa radiation curable inkjet ink comprising a) at least onenon-polymerizable, non-polymeric bisacylphosphine oxide; b) at least onemonomer comprising at least one vinyl ether group and at least onepolymerizable group selected from the group consisting of an acrylategroup and a methacrylate group; and c) at least one polymerizable orpolymeric thioxanthone, with the proviso that if the at least onepolymerizable or polymeric thioxanthone contains no tertiary amine groupthat the radiation curable composition further includes at least onetertiary amine co-initiator selected from the group consisting ofethylhexyl-4-dimethylamino benzoate, a polymerizable co-initiatorcontaining a tertiary amine and a polymeric co-initiator containing atertiary amine; wherein said bisacylphosphine oxide is present in aconcentration of no more than 4 w % based on the total weight of theradiation curable compositions defined above; and (2) at least partiallycuring the jetted ink dots. The at least partially curing of theradiation curable inkjet ink is preferably performed using one or moreUV LEDs.

Inkjet Printing Devices

The radiation curable composition or inkjet ink may be jetted by one ormore print heads ejecting small droplets in a controlled manner throughnozzles onto a substrate, which is moving relative to the print head(s).

A preferred print head for the inkjet printing system is a piezoelectrichead. Piezoelectric inkjet printing is based on the movement of apiezoelectric ceramic transducer when a voltage is applied thereto. Theapplication of a voltage changes the shape of the piezoelectric ceramictransducer in the print head creating a void, which is then filled withink. When the voltage is again removed, the ceramic expands to itsoriginal shape, ejecting a drop of ink from the print head. However theinkjet printing method according to the present invention is notrestricted to piezoelectric inkjet printing. Other inkjet print headscan be used and include various types, such as a continuous type.

The inkjet print head normally scans back and forth in a transversaldirection across the moving ink-receiver surface. Often the inkjet printhead does not print on the way back. Bi-directional printing, also knownas multi-pass printing, is preferred for obtaining a high arealthroughput. Another preferred printing method is by a “single passprinting process”, which can be performed by using page wide inkjetprint heads or multiple staggered inkjet print heads which cover theentire width of the ink-receiver surface. In a single pass printingprocess the inkjet print heads usually remain stationary and thesubstrate surface is transported under the inkjet print heads.

Curing Devices

The radiation curable composition or inkjet ink can be cured by exposureto actinic radiation, preferably to ultraviolet radiation.

In inkjet printing, the curing device may be arranged in combinationwith the print head of the inkjet printer, travelling therewith so thatthe curing radiation is applied very shortly after jetting. Such rapidcuring is sometimes referred to as “pin curing” and used for enhancingimage quality by controlling the dot size. Preferably such curing deviceconsists of one or more UV LEDs. In such an arrangement, it can bedifficult to provide other types of curing device that are small enoughto be connected to and travelling with the print head. Therefore, astatic fixed radiation source may be employed, e.g. a source of curingUV-light, connected to the radiation source by a flexible radiationconductor such as a fibre optic bundle or an internally reflectiveflexible tube. Alternatively, the actinic radiation may be supplied froma fixed source to the radiation head by an arrangement of mirrorsincluding a mirror upon the print head.

The source of radiation may also be an elongated radiation sourceextending transversely across the substrate to be cured. It may beadjacent the transverse path of the print head so that the subsequentrows of images formed by the print head are passed, stepwise orcontinually, beneath that radiation source.

Any ultraviolet light source, as long as part of the emitted light canbe absorbed by the photo-initiator or photo-initiator system, may beemployed as a radiation source, such as a high or low pressure mercurylamp, a cold cathode tube, a black light, an ultraviolet LED, anultraviolet laser, and a flash light. Of these, the preferred source isone exhibiting a relatively long wavelength UV-contribution having adominant wavelength of 300-400 nm. Specifically, a UV-A light source ispreferred due to the reduced light scattering therewith resulting inmore efficient interior curing.

UV radiation is generally classed as UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C as follows:

UV-A: 400 nm to 320 nm

UV-B: 320 nm to 290 nm

UV-C: 290 nm to 100 nm.

In a preferred embodiment, the inkjet printing device contains one ormore UV LEDs with a wavelength larger than 360 nm, preferably one ormore UV LEDs with a wavelength larger than 380 nm, and most preferablyUV LEDs with a wavelength of about 395 nm.

Furthermore, it is possible to cure the image using, consecutively orsimultaneously, two light sources of differing wavelength orilluminance. For example, the first UV-source can be selected to be richin UV-C, in particular in the range of 260 nm-200 nm. The secondUV-source can then be rich in UV-A, e.g. a gallium-doped lamp, or adifferent lamp high in both UV-A and UV-B. The use of two UV-sources hasbeen found to have advantages e.g. a fast curing speed and a high curingdegree.

For facilitating curing, the inkjet printing device often includes oneor more oxygen depletion units. The oxygen depletion units place ablanket of nitrogen or other relatively inert gas (e.g. CO₂), withadjustable position and adjustable inert gas concentration, in order toreduce the oxygen concentration in the curing environment. Residualoxygen levels are usually maintained as low as 200 ppm, but aregenerally in the range of 200 ppm to 1200 ppm.

Substrates and Packaging

There is no real limitation on the type of substrate. The substrates mayhave ceramic, metallic, wood, paper or polymeric surfaces for printing.The substrate may also be primed, e.g. by a white primer or ink.However, the advantages of the radiation curable compositions and inkjetof the invention can be especially advantageously used on substrates forfood packaging or pharmaceuticals. Food packaging is understood toinclude also packaging for liquids and drinks like milk, water, coke,beer, vegetable oil and the like.

Preferred embodiments of the invention re advantageously used forproviding food packaging, especially “primary” food packaging. Primaryfood packaging is the material that first envelops the product and holdsit. This usually is the smallest unit of distribution or use and is thepackage which is in direct contact with the contents. Of course, forreasons of food safety, the radiation curable compositions and inkjetinks may also be used for secondary and tertiary packaging. Secondarypackaging is outside the primary packaging, perhaps used to groupprimary packages together. Tertiary packaging is used for bulk handling,warehouse storage and transport shipping. The most common form oftertiary packaging is a palletized unit load that packs tightly intocontainers.

The substrate may be porous, as e.g. textile, paper and card boardsubstrates, or substantially non-absorbing substrates such as e.g. aplastic substrate having a polyethylene terephthalate surface.

Preferred substrates including surfaces of polyethylene, polypropylene,polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, polyesters like polyethyleneterephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and polylactide(PLA) and polyimide.

The substrate may also be a paper substrate, such as plain paper orresin coated paper, e.g. polyethylene or polypropylene coated paper.There is no real limitation on the type of paper and it includesnewsprint paper, magazine paper, office paper, wallpaper but also paperof higher grammage, usually referred to as boards, such as white linedchipboard, corrugated board and packaging board.

The substrates may be transparent, translucent or opaque. Preferredopaque substrates includes so-called synthetic paper, like the Synaps™grades from Agfa-Gevaert which are an opaque polyethylene terephthalatesheet having a density of 1.10 g/cm³ or more.

There is no restriction on the shape of the substrate. It can be a flatsheet, such a paper sheet or a polymeric film or it can be a threedimensional object like e.g. a plastic coffee cup. The three dimensionalobject can also be a container like a bottle or a jerry-can forincluding e.g. oil, shampoo, insecticides, pesticides, solvents, paintthinner or other type of liquids.

In a preferred embodiment, the substrate is a packaging, more preferablya food packaging, such as a wrapping for a chocolate bar.

EXAMPLES Materials

All materials used in the following examples were readily available fromstandard sources such as Sigma-Aldrich (Belgium) and Acros (Belgium)unless otherwise specified. The water used is demineralized water.

PB15:4 is a C.I. Pigment Blue 15:4 pigment for which Sun Fast™ Blue 15:4from SUN CHEMICAL was used.

PV19 is a C.I. Pigment Violet 19 pigment for which Sun Quindo™ Red 19from SUN CHEMICAL was used.

PR57 is a C.I. Pigment Red 57.1 pigment for which Symyler™ BrilliantCarmine 6B350SD from SUN CHEMICAL was used.

PY150 is a C.I. Pigment Yellow 150 pigment for which Cromophtal™ yellowLA2 from BASF was used.

SB550 is a carbon black pigment for which Special Black™ 550 from EVONIK(DEGUSSA) was used.

DB162 is an abbreviation used for the polymeric dispersant Disperbyk™162 available from BYK CHEMIE GMBH whereof the solvent mixture of2-methoxy-1-methylethylacetate, xylene and n-butylacetate was removed.The polymeric dispersant is a polyester-polyurethane dispersant on thebasis of caprolacton and toluene diisocyanate having an amine value of13 mg KOH/g, a Mn of about 4,425 and a Mw of about 6,270.

IC₈₁₉ is a bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphineoxidephotoinitiator available as Irgacure™ 819 from BASF.

BHT is an abbreviation for 2,6-di-tert.butyl-4-methylphenol(CASRN128-37-0) from ALDRICH CHEMICAL CO.

STAB UV10 is 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxy sebacateavailable as Irgastab™ UV 10 from BASF.

EHA is 2-ethylhexyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate available as Genocure™ EHAfrom RAHN.

INHIB is a mixture forming a polymerization inhibitor having acomposition according to Table 3.

TABLE 3 Component wt % VEEA 82.4 p-methoxyphenol 4.0 BHT 10.0Cupferron ™ AL 3.6

Cupferron™ AL is aluminum N-nitrosophenylhydroxylamine from WAKOCHEMICALS LTD.

VEEA is 2-(2-vinyloxyethoxy)ethyl acrylate, a difunctional monomeravailable from Nippon Shokubai, Japan.

DPGDA is dipropyleneglycoldiacrylate from SARTOMER.

Esacure™ KIP160 is a difunctional α-hydroxyketone available fromLAMBERTI and having the chemical structure:

KIPVEEA is a polymerizable Norrish type I initiator having the chemicalstructure:

and was prepared as follows:

A mixture of 119.75 g (0.350 mol) Esacure™ KIP160, 380.10 g VEEA and1.54 g BHT was heated to 85° C. 9.99 g of poly(vinylpryridinium)tosylate was added and the reaction was allowed to continue for 10 hoursat 85° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool down to roomtemperature and the catalyst was removed by filtration. The solution wasused as such in both the comparative and inventive ink set. Theconcentration was determined by ¹H-NMR analysis of the solution. Theinitiator concentration was 51.6% by weight.

AXANTH is a polymerizable thioxanthone according to Formula (AX-1):

This photoinitiators was synthesized as follows:

Step 1: The Aminolysis of Omnipol™ TX

395 g Omnipol™ TX, supplied by IGM, was dissolved in 1850 ml dimethylsulfoxide. The reaction mixture was heated to 60° C. and 363 g (3 mol)tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and 415 g (3 mol) potassium carbonatewere added. The reaction was allowed to continue for 2 hours at 60° C.The reaction mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. Theprecipitated salts were removed by filtration and the reaction mixturewas added to a mixture of 1500 ml water and 250 ml acetone. Theintermediate thioxanthone precipitated from the medium, was isolated byfiltration and dried. The crude thioxanthone was treated with 1500 mlacetone, isolated by filtration and dried. 260 g of the thioxanthone wasisolated (TLC-analysis: RP-C₁₈ (Partisil™ KC₁₈F, supplied by Whatman),eluent MeOH/0.5 M NaCl, Rf=0.55). TLC analysis showed the presence of asmall amount of an isomeric structure (Rf=0.60). The following structurewas assigned to the isomer:

The intermediate was further used as a mixture of the main isomer andthe minor isomer.

Step 2: The Addition to VEEA:

22 g (58 mmol) of the amido-trihydroxy-thioxanthone was added to 227.8 g(1.224 mol) VEEA. 0.13 g (86 μl, 1.16 mmol) trifluoroacetic acid and0.25 g (1.16 mmol) BHT were added and the mixture was heated to 77° C.The reaction was allowed to continue at 77° C. for 16 hours. Thereaction was allowed to cool down to room temperature and 20 g ofactivated Lewatit M600 MB was added. The mixture was stirred for fourhours at room temperature. The ion exchanger was removed by filtration.AX-1 was used as a solution in VEEA. (TLC-analysis: RP-C₁₈ (Partisil™KC₁₈F, supplied by Whatman), eluent: MeOH/0.5 M NaCl 80/20, Rf=0.18).Based on ¹H-NMR analysis, the solution contained 19 wt % AX-1.

UV3510 is Byk™ UV3510, a polyether modified polydimethylsiloxane,supplied by BYK Chemie GmbH.

BYK™ 333 is a polyether modified polydimethylsiloxane from BYK ChemieGmbH.

PET100 is a 100 μm unsubbed PET substrate with on the backside anantiblocking layer with antistatic properties available fromAGFA-GEVAERT as P100C PLAIN/ABAS.

SR295 is pentaerythritol tetraacrylate available as Sartomer™ 295 fromSARTOMER.

BP-1 V125420 is a 30 wt % solution in VEEA of the polymerizablebenzophenone according to Formula:

BP-1 was prepared according to WO 2010/069758 (AGFA), see synthesis ofINI-7.

Omnipol™ BP is a polymeric benzophenone available from IGM Resins.

Genopol™ AB-1 is a polymeric tertiary amine available from RAHN.

TN-1b is a polymerizable thioxanthone containing a tertiary amineaccording to the Formula:

TN-1b was prepared according to WO 2009/147057 (AGFA), see synthesis ofINI-12.

EPD is ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate, available under the trade name ofGenocure™ EPD from RAHN AG.

EPDPOL is a polymerizable co-initiator, having the following structure:

and was prepared as disclosed in example 1 of EP 2033949 A (AGFA).

Measurement Methods 1. Viscosity

The viscosity of the inkjet ink was measured using a Brookfield DV-II+viscometer at 25° C. at 12 rotations per minute (RPM) using a CPE 40spindle. This corresponds to a shear rate of 90 s⁻¹.

Evaluation was made in accordance with a criterion described in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Evaluation Criterion OK ≦50 mPa · s Not OK  >50 mPa · s

2. Surface Tension

The static surface tension of the radiation curable inks was measuredwith a KRUSS tensiometer K9 from KRUSS GmbH, Germany at 25° C. after 60seconds.

3. Average Particle Size

The particle size of pigment particles in a pigment dispersion wasdetermined by photon correlation spectroscopy at a wavelength of 633 nmwith a 4 mW HeNe laser on a diluted sample of the pigment dispersion.The particle size analyzer used was a Malvern™ nano-S available fromGoffin-Meyvis.

The sample was prepared by addition of one drop of pigment dispersion toa cuvette containing 1.5 mL ethyl acetate and mixed until a homogenoussample was obtained. The measured particle size is the average value of3 consecutive measurements consisting of 6 runs of 20 seconds.

3. LED Curing Speed

A radiation curable composition was coated on A PET100 substrate, usinga bar coater and a 10 μm wired bar. The coated sample was mounted on abelt, transporting the sample under a Phoseon™ Fire Line 125 LED curingdevice with an output wavelength of 395 nm, at a speed of 30 m/min using4 W output at a distance of 4.5 mm from the LED. The curing speed wasevaluated based on visual damage when using a Q-tip, resulting in ascore varying from 0 for no visual damage at all, up to 5 for completewiping away the coating.

Evaluation was made in accordance with a criterion described in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Evaluation Criterion OK score of 0 and 1 Not OK score from 3 to5

4. Migrateables

Prior to analysis, several sheets of the samples were stacked and storedfor 10 days at 45° C. with a weight of 60 kg on top to mimic set-offfrom the printed side to the food side as can be encountered inroll-to-roll printing or stacking of the printed matter. The sample inthe middle of the stack was used for analysis. Extraction cells conformEN1186-1 (cell type B) were used in the migration experiments. Twocircles with a diameter of 15 cm were cut from a printed sample. The twocircles were mounted in the extraction cells with the non coated side incontact with the extraction solvent. The cells were closed and the cellswere filled with iso-octane as food simulant. The cells were stored at20° C. for 2 days. The extract was filtered over a 0.2 μm filter andanalyzed with HPLC for quantification of the different ink components.

The chromatographic method used an Alltech Alltima™ C₁₈ 5 μm column(150×3.2 mm) supplied by Grace. A flow rate of 0.5 ml/min was used at atemperature of 40° C. Different HPLC gradient runs were used to avoiderrors in the detected amounts of ink components by overlap of peaks.The gradient conditions and solvents used are summarized in Table 4 toTable 8. Diode array detection was used at 204 nm for the acrylates andat the respective specific absorption maxima of the different inkcompounds.

15 μL of the extract were injected and the concentration of thedifferent ink components was determined using reference samples. Thesame injection volume was used for the reference solutions. Depending onthe ink compound between 1 and 10 mg of these references were dissolvedin 50 ml CH₃CN and diluted thereof. Calibration lines were set up from 5food ppb up to 100 food ppb. If the calibrations showed a linearbehaviour a one point calibration of 10 food ppb was used.

TABLE 6 Solvent type Solvent A H₂O B CH₃CN C Distilled water + 0.02MKH₂PO₄ pH = 2.5 D 40/60 H₂O/CH₃CN + 0.02M KH₂PO₄ E 40/60 H₂O/CH₃CN F10/90 H₂O/CH₃CN G CH₃OH

TABLE 7 Time (min) % A % B 0 55 45 6 55 45 11 0 100 30 0 100 31 55 45 3855 45

TABLE 8 Time (min) % A % B 0 55 45 6 55 45 30 0 100 49 0 100 50 55 45 5755 45

TABLE 9 Time (min) % C % D % E % F 0 70 30 0 0 6 70 30 0 0 11 0 100 0 020 0 100 0 0 21 0 0 100 0 24 0 0 100 0 25 0 0 0 100 30 0 0 0 100 31 7030 0 0 38 70 30 0 0

TABLE 10 Time (min) % A % G 0 40 60 6 40 60 30 0 100 40 0 100 41 40 6049 40 60

Evaluation was made in accordance with a criterion described in Table11.

TABLE 11 Evaluation Criterion OK Below migration thresholds listed inAnnex 6 of the Swiss Ordinance 817.023.21 Not OK Above migrationthresholds listed in Annex 6 of the Swiss Ordinance 817.023.21

5. Transport Stability

Two samples of a radiation curable composition were coated on a 50 μmthick PET film with a 5 μm styrene-butadiene-styrene coating for sealingusing a bar coater and a 10 μm wired bar. The coated samples were curedusing a Fusion DRSE-120 conveyer, equipped with a Fusion VPS/1600 lamp(D-bulb).

One of the radiation curable compositions was, before coating andcuring, first stored for 7 days at 60° C. and then for 7 days at 8° C.This storage was a simulation of the temperatures that can occur duringtransport. The properties of LED curing speed and migrateables werecompared for both samples.

Evaluation was made in accordance with a criterion described in Table12.

TABLE 12 Evaluation Criterion OK No or minor difference in propertiesNot OK Major difference in properties

6. Odor

A radiation curable composition was coated on A PET100 substrate, usinga bar coater and a 10 μm wired bar. The coated sample was mounted on abelt, transporting the sample twice under a Phoseon™ Fire Line 125 LEDcuring device with an output wavelength of 395 nm, at a speed of 30m/min using 12 W output at a distance of 4.5 mm from the LED. A sampleof 4.5 cm×7 cm was cut into pieces of about 1 cm² and kept in a closedglass bottle for 2 hours at room temperature. The bottle was openedafter 18 hours and a panel of four people evaluated the smell accordingto a criterion described in Table 13.

TABLE 13 Evaluation Criterion 0 No smell 1 Almost no smell 2 Weak smell3 Clearly distinguishable smell 4 Strong smell

An average was made of the evaluations given by the panel of fourpeople.

Example 1

This example illustrates a low migration CMYK inkjet ink set havingradiation curable compositions according to the present invention.

Preparation of Radiation Curable Inkjet Inks

First concentrated pigment dispersions CPC-1, CPM-1, CPM-2, CPY-1 andCPK-1 were prepared.

Preparation of Concentrated Cyan Pigment Dispersion CPC-1

A 30 wt % solution of DB162 in VEEA was prepared. 7.5 kg PB15:4 wasadded to a mixture of 16 kg VEEA, 25 kg of the DB162 solution and 50 gSTAB UV10, while stirring with a DISPERLUX™ dispenser. Stirring wascontinued for 30 minutes. The vessel was connected to a Dynomill™ KD6mill from the company Willy A. Bachofen (Switzerland), preloaded with1.5 kg VEEA and filled for 52% with 0.4 mm yttrium stabilized zirconiabeads (“high wear resistant zirconia grinding media” from TOSOH Co.).The mixture was circulated over the mill at a flow rate of 1.5 l/min anda rotation speed in the mill of about 16 m/s for a residence time of22.5 minutes. After milling, the dispersion was discharged and filteredthrough a 1 μm Whatman™ filter. The resulting concentrated pigmentdispersion CPC-1 according to Table 14 exhibited an average particlesize of 88 nm and a viscosity of 77 mPa·s measured at 25° C. using aHaake™ Rotovisco at a shear rate of 10 s⁻¹.

TABLE 14 Component wt % PB15:4 15.0 DB162 15.0 STAB UV10 0.1 VEEA 69.9

Preparation of Concentrated Magenta Pigment Dispersion CPM-1

A 30 wt % solution of DB162 in VEEA was prepared. 12 kg PV19 was addedto a mixture of 26.5 kg VEEA, 40 kg of the DB162 solution and 800 gINHIB, while stirring with a DISPERLUX™ dispenser (from DISPERLUXS.A.R.L., Luxembourg). Stirring was continued for 30 minutes. The vesselwas connected to a DYNO™-MILL ECM Pilot mill from the company Willy A.Bachofen (Switzerland), preloaded with VEEA and filled for 42% with 0.4mm yttrium stabilized zirconia beads (“high wear resistant zirconiagrinding media” from TOSOH Co.). The mixture was circulated over themill at a flow rate of 8 l/min and a rotation speed in the mill of about15 m/s for a residence time of 35 minutes. During the complete millingprocedure the content in the mill was cooled to keep the temperaturebelow 40° C. After milling, the dispersion was discharged and filteredthrough a 1 μm Whatman™ filter. The resulting concentrated pigmentdispersion CPM-1 according to Table 15 exhibited an average particlesize of 139 nm and a viscosity of 77 mPa·s measured at 25° C. using aHaake™ Rotovisco at a shear rate of 10 s⁻¹.

TABLE 15 Component wt % PV19 15.0 DB162 15.0 INHIB 1.0 VEEA 69.0

Preparation of Concentrated Magenta Pigment Dispersion CPM-2

A 30 wt % solution of DB162 in VEEA was prepared. 12 kg PR57 was addedto a mixture of 26.5 kg VEEA, 40 kg of the DB162 solution and 800 gINHIB, while stirring with a DISPERLUX™ dispenser (from DISPERLUXS.A.R.L., Luxembourg). Stirring was continued for 30 minutes. The vesselwas connected to a DYNO™-MILL ECM Pilot mill from the company Willy A.Bachofen (Switzerland), preloaded with VEEA and filled for 42% with 0.4mm yttrium stabilized zirconia beads (“high wear resistant zirconiagrinding media” from TOSOH Co.). The mixture was circulated over themill at a flow rate of 8 l/min and a rotation speed in the mill of about15 m/s for a residence time of 35 minutes. During the complete millingprocedure the content in the mill was cooled to keep the temperaturebelow 40° C. After milling, the dispersion was discharged and filteredthrough a 1 μm Whatman™ filter. The resulting concentrated pigmentdispersion CPM-2 according to Table 16 exhibited an average particlesize of 116 nm and a viscosity of 171 mPa·s measured at 25° C. using aHaake™ Rotovisco at a shear rate of 10 s⁻¹.

TABLE 16 Component wt % PR57 15.0 DB162 15.0 INHIB 1.0 VEEA 69.0

Preparation of Concentrated Yellow Pigment Dispersion CPY-1

A 30 wt % solution of DB162 in VEEA was prepared. 7.5 kg PY150 was addedto a mixture of 16 kg VEEA, 25 kg of the DB162 solution and 500 g INHIB,while stirring with a DISPERLUX™ dispenser (from DISPERLUX S.A.R.L.,Luxembourg). Stirring was continued for 30 minutes. The vessel wasconnected to a DYNO™-MILL ECM Pilot mill from the company Willy A.Bachofen (Switzerland), preloaded with VEEA and filled for 42% with 0.4mm yttrium stabilized zirconia beads (“high wear resistant zirconiagrinding media” from TOSOH Co.). The mixture was circulated over themill at a flow rate of 8 ml/min and a rotation speed in the mill ofabout 15 m/s for a residence time of 25 minutes. During the completemilling procedure the content in the mill was cooled to keep thetemperature below 40° C. After milling, the dispersion was dischargedand filtered through a 1 μm Whatman™ filter. The resulting concentratedpigment dispersion CPY-1 according to Table 17 exhibited an averageparticle size of 156 nm and a viscosity of 168 mPa·s measured at 25° C.using a Haake™ Rotovisco at a shear rate of 10 s⁻¹.

TABLE 17 Component wt % PY150 15.0 DB162 15.0 INHIB 1.0 VEEA 69.0

Preparation of Concentrated Black Pigment Dispersion CPK-1

A 30 wt % solution of DB162 in VEEA was prepared. 1 wt % INHIB wasadded. 1.103 kg SB550 and 0.397 kg PB15:4 were added to a mixture of1.95 kg VEEA, 2.5 kg of the DB162 solution and 50 g INHIB, whilestirring with a DISPERLUX™ disperser (from DISPERLUX S.A.R.L.,Luxembourg). Stirring was continued for 30 minutes. The vessel wasconnected to a DYNO™-MILL ECM Pilot mill from the company Willy A.Bachofen (Switzerland), preloaded with 1.5 kg2-(2″-vinyloxyethoxy)ethylacrylate and filled for 42% with 0.4 mmyttrium stabilized zirconia beads (“high wear resistant zirconiagrinding media” from TOSOH Co.). The mixture was circulated over themill for 3 hours 55 minutes at a flow rate of 1.5 l/min and a rotationspeed in the mill of about 13 m/s. During the milling procedure, anadditional 2.5 kg of the DB162 solution was added. During the completemilling procedure the content in the mill was cooled to keep thetemperature below 40° C. After milling, the dispersion was dischargedand filtered through a 1 μm Whatman™ filter. The resulting concentratedpigment dispersion CPK-1 according to Table 18 exhibited an averageparticle size of 105 nm and a viscosity of 87 mPa·s measured at 25° C.using a Haake™ Rotovisco at a shear rate of 10

TABLE 18 Component wt % SB550 11 PB15:4 4 DB162 15 INHIB 1 VEEA 69

The above prepared concentrated pigment dispersions CPC-1, CPM-1, CPM-2,CPY-1 and CPK-1 were combined with the ink components according to Table19 in order to prepare the radiation curable inkjet inks INK-C, INK-M,INK-Y and INK-K. The weight percentage (wt %) of each ink component isbased on the total weight of the inkjet ink.

TABLE 19 wt % of: INK-C INK-M INK-Y INK-K CPC-1 16.0 — — — CPM-1 — 15.3— 2.7 CPM-2 — 3.1 — — CPY-1 — — 18.0 — CPK-1 — — — 14.2 VEEA 58.1 55.756.1 57.2 KIPVEEA 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 AXANTH 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 IC819 2.52.5 2.5 2.5 EHA 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 BHT 1.0 1.0 1.0 — STAB UV10 — — — 1.0UV3510 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Viscosity 5.6 5.9 5.9 5.8 (mPa · s) Average 113160 169 119 Particle size (nm)

The inks of the CMYK inkjet ink set of Table 19 were used to printcolour images Print 1 to 4 with a built inkjet printer using KJ4A typeprint heads from Kyocera on a 50 μm thick PET film with a 5 μmstyrene-butadiene-styrene coating for sealing. The colour images were amigration test image consisting of a mosaic pattern with squares of 4 by4 mm. One third of the squares are “black”, one third are “grey” and theremaining squares are “green”. The ink load for each square of themosaic pattern after ripping is given by Table 20.

TABLE 20 mL ink/m² Square INK-C INK-M INK-Y INK-K Total Black square — —— 6.19 6.19 Gray square 2.02 2.02 2.02 0.34 6.40 Green square 6.19 —6.19 2.00 14.38

The “black” squares represent an ink load of 6.19 mL/m². The overallaverage ink load is 8.99 mL/m².

The inkjet printing was performed using one or more curing systems asshown in Table 22.

The pin curing treatment with Integration Technology UV LEDs emitting at395 nm was performed at a distance of 3 mm and at a speed of 50 m/min. AUV LED was positioned directly after the print head used for each inkjetink. The received dose by the pin cure treatment was measured using aEIT Powerpuck™ II serial #16506. The received doses are shown by Table21.

TABLE 21 Treatment Dose (mJ/cm²) Pin cure 11 INK-C Pin cure 9 INK-M Pincure 11 INK-Y Pin cure 12 INK-K

The curing system of DPL (Danish Process Light) was equipped with irondoped mercury vapor D-bulbs (Alpha-Cure AC5548 bulbs) and was used bymoving the prints on a belt underneath the iron doped mercury vaporD-bulbs at 2 passes at 50 m/min and 2 passes at 20 m/min.

The Fusion curing was performed by passing the prints twice under aFusion DRSE-120 conveyer equipped with a Fusion VPS/1600 lamp (D-bulb)at a belt speed of 20 m/min and at full power of the lamp.

The dose received by the prints with a DPL curing and/or a Fusion curingtreatment were measured using a EIT Powerpuck™ serial #8651.

TABLE 22 Total dose Pin DPL Fusion received by the Print curing curingcuring print Print 1 No Yes Yes 3196 mJ/cm² Print 2 Yes Yes Yes 3239mJ/cm² Print 3 No Yes No  801 mJ/cm² Print 4 Yes Yes No  844 mJ/cm²

Prior to analysis, several sheets of the samples were stacked and storedfor 10 days at 45° C. with a weight of 60 kg on top to mimic set-offfrom the printed side to the food side as can be encountered inroll-to-roll printing or stacking of the printed matter. The sample inthe middle of the stack was used for analysis. The cured prints Print 1to Print 4 were then evaluated for migrateables.

None of the ingredients used in the concentrated colour pigmentdispersants could be detected. The detected amount of the other inkcomponents with which the concentrated colour pigment dispersions weremixed is shown in Table 23. The food limit is based on the migrationthresholds and are listed in Annex 6 of the Swiss Ordinance 817.023.21.

TABLE 23 Ink ppb detected in component Food Limit Print 1 Print 2 Print3 Print 4 VEEA <10 ppb 0 0 9 0 KIPVEEA <10 ppb 0 0 0 0 AXANTH <10 ppb 00 0 0 IC819 <3.3 ppm 0 0 12 106 EHA <5 ppm 28 103 750 862 BHT <3 ppm 68371 881 1341 STAB UV10 <10 ppb 0 0 0 0

From Table 23, it should be clear that all the prints made with the CMYKinkjet ink set fulfilled the food migration limits required for lowmigration inks.

Example 2

This example illustrates the effect of variations in the ink composition

Preparation of Radiation Curable Inkjet Inks

A concentrated pigment dispersion CPC-2 was made in exactly the same wayas the concentrated pigment dispersions CPC-2 of EXAMPLE 1 with theexception that the monomer VEEA was replaced by DPGDA. The concentratedpigment dispersion CPC-2 exhibited an average particle size of 100 nmand a viscosity of 250 mPa·s measured at 25° C. using a Haake™ Rotoviscoat a shear rate of 10 s⁻¹

The concentrated pigment dispersions CPC-1 and CPC-2 were combined withthe ink components according to Table 24 and Table 25 in order toprepare the radiation curable inkjet inks I-1 to I-6 and C-1 to C-6. Theweight percentage (wt %) of each ink component is based on the totalweight of the inkjet ink

TABLE 24 wt % of I-1 I-2 I-3 I-4 I-5 I-6 CPC-1 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.0023.00 23.00 CPC-2 — — — — — — IC819 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 TPO —— — — — — AXANTH 25.00 25.00 — — 25.00 — TN-1b — — — — — 15.50 Omnipol ™TX — — 5.00 5.00 — — BP-1 — — — — — — Omnipol ™ BP — — — — — — Genopol ™AB-1 3.00 — 3.00 — — — EHA — — — — 3.00 — EPDPOL — 3.00 — 3.00 — — EPD —— — — — — VEEA 37.97 37.97 57.97 37.97 37.97 50.47 DPGDA — — — — — —SR295 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 BYK ™ 333 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.030.03 INHIB 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

TABLE 25 wt % of C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 C-5 C-6 CPC-1 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.0023.00 — CPC-2 — — — — — 23.00 IC819 5.00 — 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 TPO —3.00 — — — — AXANTH 25.00 25.00 — — 25.00 — TN-1b — — — — — — Omnipol ™TX — — — — — 5.00 BP-1 — — 12.50 — — — Omnipol ™ BP — — — 5.00 — —Genopol ™ 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 — 3.00 AB-1 EHA — — — — — — EPDPOL — — — —— — EPD — — — — 3.00 — VEEA 35.97 37.97 50.47 57.97 37.97 — DPGDA — — —— — 57.97 SR295 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 BYK ™ 333 0.03 0.03 0.030.03 0.03 0.03 INHIB 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Evaluation and Results

The radiation curable inkjet inks I-1 to I-6 and C-1 to C-6 allexhibited a surface tension of less than 35 mN/m at 25° C.

The radiation curable inkjet inks -1 to I-6 and C-1 to C-6 were coatedon a 50 μm thick PET film with a 5 μm styrene-butadiene-styrene coatingfor sealing using a bar coater and a 10 μm wired bar. For the migrationanalysis, all coated samples were cured using a Fusion DRSE-120conveyer, equipped with a Fusion VPS/1600 lamp (D-bulb). The sampleswere passed under the lamp once at a belt speed of 20 m/min and at fullpower of the lamp.

The coated samples were evaluated for odor, viscosity at 25° C. and 45°C., LED curing speed, migrateables, and transport stability. Prior tomigration analysis, several sheets of the samples were stacked andstored for 10 days at 45° C. with a weight of 60 kg on top to mimicset-off from the printed side to the food side as can be encountered inroll-to-roll printing or stacking of the printed matter. The sample inthe middle of the stack was used for analysis. The results are shown inTable 26.

TABLE 26 InkJet Viscosity Curing Transport Ink Odor 25° C. 45° C. SpeedMigrateables Stability I-1 1.4 OK 7.9 OK OK OK mPa · s I-2 1.8 OK 6.9 OKOK OK mPa · s I-3 1.4 OK 9.5 OK OK OK mPa · s I-4 1.1 OK 6.1 OK OK OKmPa · s I-5 1.8 OK 7.2 OK OK OK mPa · s I-6 2.3 OK 6.6 OK OK OK mPa · sC-1 1.6 OK 8.5 OK OK Not OK mPa · s C-2 1.4 OK 7.9 OK Not OK OK mPa · sC-3 3.0 OK 7.9 Not OK Not OK OK mPa · s C-4 1.4 OK 6.3 Not OK Not OK OKmPa · s C-5 2.4 OK 7.1 OK Not OK OK mPa · s C-6 2.5 OK 12.5 OK Not OK OKmPa · s

From Table 26, it should be clear that the radiation curable inkjet inksI-1 to I-6 exhibited a good curing speed with UV LEDs while stillcomplying with the food safety requirements for migrateables, while alsothe performance of the radiation curable inkjet inks I-1 to I-6 did notsuffer under the variations in high and low temperatures, unlike theradiation curable inkjet ink C-1. The radiation curable inkjet inks I-1to I-6 also exhibited an acceptable odor after LED curing, with theradiation curable inkjet ink I-6 showing that preferably a separatetertiary amine co-initiator is present in the inkjet ink. The radiationcurable inkjet inks I-2 and I-3 to I-6 comply with the requirements forthe plurality of inkjet inks of claim 1.

1-15. (canceled)
 16. A radiation curable inkjet ink set comprising: aplurality of inkjet inks each having a viscosity of no more than 50mPa·s at 25° C. and a shear rate of 90 s⁻¹, each of the plurality ofinkjet inks including: at least one non-polymerizable, non-polymericbisacylphosphine oxide present in a concentration of no more than 4.0 wt% based on a total weight of the inkjet ink; at least one monomerincluding at least one vinyl ether group and at least one polymerizablegroup selected from the group consisting of an acrylate group and amethacrylate group; and at least one polymerizable or polymericthioxanthone, wherein if the at least one polymerizable or polymericthioxanthone contains no tertiary amine group, then the radiationcurable inkjet ink further includes at least one tertiary amineco-initiator selected from the group consisting ofethylhexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate and a polymerizable co-initiatorcontaining a tertiary amine.
 17. The radiation curable inkjet ink setaccording to claim 16, wherein the at least one polymerizable orpolymeric thioxanthone is present in an amount of at least 2 wt % basedon the total weight of the inkjet ink.
 18. The radiation curable inkjetink set according to claim 16, wherein the at least onenon-polymerizable, non-polymeric bisacylphosphine oxide is selected fromthe group consisting of bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phenylphosphine oxideand bis(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphine oxide. 19.The radiation curable inkjet ink set according to claim 16, wherein theat least one polymerizable co-initiator containing a tertiary amineincludes one or more 4-dialkylaminobenzoate groups.
 20. The radiationcurable inkjet ink set according to claim 16, wherein the at least onepolymerizable or polymeric thioxanthone is selected from the groupconsisting of:

n-allylthioxanthone-3,4-dicarboximide;

wherein n on average is equal to 2 to 4; and

with a molecular weight Mw smaller than 1,000.
 21. The radiation curableinkjet ink set according to claim 16, wherein the at least one monomeris selected from the group consisting of:


22. The radiation curable inkjet ink set according to claim 16, whereineach of the plurality of inkjet inks includes at least one monomerselected from the group consisting of N-vinyl caprolactam, phenoxyethylacrylate, dipropyleneglycoldiacrylate, ethoxylated trimethylolpropanetriacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, and cyclictrimethylolpropane formal acrylate.
 23. The radiation curable inkjet inkset according to claim 16, wherein each of the plurality of inkjet inksincludes a polymerizable composition consisting essentially of: a) 25 to100 wt % of 2-(2-vinyloxyethoxy)ethyl acrylate; b) 0 to 55 wt % of oneor more polymerizable compounds A selected from the group consisting ofmonofunctional acrylates and difunctional acrylates; and c) 0 to 55 wt %of one or more polymerizable compounds B selected from the groupconsisting of trifunctional acrylates, tetrafunctional acrylates,pentafunctional acrylates, and hexafunctional acrylates, wherein if aweight percentage of compounds A>24 wt %, then a weight percentage ofcompounds B>1 wt %; wherein all weight percentages of A and B are basedupon a total weight of the polymerizable composition.
 24. A packagingcomprising: an outer surface; and a cured layer of an inkjet ink on theouter surface, the inkjet ink being one of the plurality of the inkjetinks of the radiation curable inkjet ink set according to claim
 16. 25.A method of preparing a radiation curable inkjet ink set including aplurality of inkjet inks each having a viscosity of no more than 50mPa·s at 25° C. and a shear rate of 90 s⁻¹, the method comprising thestep of: mixing a plurality of inkjet inks, each of the plurality ofinkjet inks including: at least one non-polymerizable, non-polymericbisacylphosphine oxide; at least one monomer including at least onevinyl ether group and at least one polymerizable group selected from thegroup consisting of an acrylate group and a methacrylate group; and atleast one polymerizable or polymeric thioxanthone, wherein if the atleast one polymerizable or polymeric thioxanthone contains no tertiaryamine group, then the radiation curable inkjet ink further includes atleast one tertiary amine co-initiator selected from the group consistingof ethylhexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate and a polymerizable co-initiatorcontaining a tertiary amine; wherein the at least one non-polymerizable,non-polymeric bisacylphosphine oxide is present in a concentration of nomore than 4 wt % based on a total weight of the radiation curable inkjetink.
 26. A method of printing on a substrate comprising the steps of:providing a radiation curable inkjet ink set as defined by claim 16 toan inkjet printing device; and inkjet printing an image on the substratewith the inkjet printing device.
 27. The method of printing on asubstrate according to claim 26, wherein the substrate is selected fromthe group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate,polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylenenaphthalate (PEN), polylactide (PLA), polyimide, and resin coated paper.28. The method of printing on a substrate according to claim 26, whereinthe substrate is packaging.
 29. The method of printing on a substrate toclaim 28, wherein the packaging is food packaging.
 30. The method ofprinting on a substrate according to claim 26, wherein the image is atleast partially cured using one or more UV LEDs.